Unified Physics

COLOUR CHARGE AND ISOSPIN

Particle physicists have been searching for logical patterns and structure amongst the sub atomic particle-zoo over the past 50 years. But QCD their main mathematical tool has a larger numerical inaccuracy than quantum mechanics. This is due to modelling the point-point nuclear fields with only one distance which is even worse than QM with its uncertainty principle! Thus we need THREE orthogonal centre-of-motion distances to model the strong nuclear point-point fields correctly, as distinct from the TWO we need for the EM and the electroweak fields. Also confounding, suspected variables are called by names reminiscent of their counterparts from EM such as charge and spin. But the similarity ends there. The truth is that physics knows little about what happens inside nucleons. Like quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the variables are not 'observables' but mathematical unknowns; we end up with probabilities rather than actual particle dynamics. In QCD, like atomic physics, a very cloudy picture emerges that resembles the orbitals given by QED and QM. Our experimental methods are equally problematic and inaccurate.

At the level of the EM field, Self Field Theory (SFT) suggests that charge results from different types of collisions of the field particles. In the case of HEAT, the collisions are generally stochastic and result in the famous BLACK BODY radiation response. In the case of LIGHT there are the well known laws of reflection and transmission. So too, with EM self-fields, in particular the photon, there is 'reflection' or 'transmission'. What happens during the elastic collision between say a photon and an outer shell electron ? The photon is performing two spinorial motions as it approaches the electron. Depending on its spin whether "+" or "-" (clockwise or anticlockwise rotation) it will either undergo a "head-to-head" collision or it will loop around behind the oncoming particle to undergo a "back-to-back" collision. Note that the internal structure of the electron is implicated in this collisional dynamics because it has to be coherent with the flight of the photons forming the EM binding energy. Their helical spinorial motion allows photons to hit each other head-to-head or to loop around each other and collide back to back.

Thus what we call 'charge' is nothing more than a series of head-to-head or back-to-back collisions of particles undergoing spinorial motions. At the EM level there are only TWO types of collision that can sustain a dynamic equilibrium as given by the Maxwell-Lorentz (ML) equations and these result in either what we call 'attraction' or 'repulsion'. This physical picture of electric charge as a series of coherent collisions fits in with Boltzmann's kinetic theory of gases. What these attractive and repulsive forces are doing is to allow two particles and its self-field to remain in dynamic equilibrium provided they follow the recipe for energy given by the ML equations.

When we come to the strong nuclear forces, there are now different series of collisions because the fields are now trispinorial in contrast to the bispinorial nature of the EM particles and fields. Now these collisions are able to 'reflect' coherently at an angle of either 120° or 240°. So what is meant by "neutral" is that there is a complete 360° of rotation, same as having two EM particles. In the case of EM, we need two particle in order to perform periodic bispinorial motions, while for the strong nuclear forces, we need THREE particles to perform dynamic equilibria. What is most interesting is that in contrast to EM fields which spiral inside the atom, the gluons can spiral OUTSIDE for these colour charges that are neither 180° nor 360° (straight line attraction or repulsion). In these quark-guon collisions, the gluons deflect BEYOND the quark outside the spherical shell formed by the position of the three quarks of the neutron giving a theoretical basis for the halo nuclei.

In light of this colour charge, why is the proton composed of two up quarks and one down quark while the neutron is made up of two down quarks and one up quark? The answer lies in the energetics of this ground state and how gluons complete their flight between quarks in comparison to how photons move between EM particles. In both cases, the idea is that when a field (particle) returns to its particle, it should have travelled through 360° so that the dynamic equilibrium will be maintained in time. Obviously, the situation of having three identical quarks such as in the D, D-, and W- particles (see list of baryons) makes any computations far easier due to symmetry; our system of modified ML equations is smaller by a factor of three.

We can use SFT to find a stable equilibrium of quarks by modifying Maxwell's equations to yield three spinorial motions and then solving. One of the difficulties in attempting to find a stable configuration of quarks using SFT is that we need to know some parameters appropriate for the strong nuclear regions, such as what the relative permittivity and permeability might be. We can estimate these parameters by using simple density calulations based on the Bohr radius and the best estimate for the radius of the proton or neutron.